jkpoH rkak; vJ? - ghfk; : 1
- ef;fPud;>fdlh

rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH xU itjPfj; jpUkzj;Jf;Fg; NghapUe;Njd;. itjPfj; jpUkzk; vd;whYk; Iaupd; rlq;F Kbe;j gpd;dH kzkf;fis tho;j;jp rpyH NgrpdhHfs;. mg;gbg; Ngrpa xUtH irt rkak; 14>000 Mz;L goik tha;e;j rkak;> rpe;Jntsp ehfupf fhyj;jpYk; irt rkak; jioj;J ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gjw;F rhd;Wfs; Vuhsk; cz;L vd;W ngupa NghL Nghl;lhH.

flTs;> kjk;> nkhop ,tw;Wf;Fj; njhd;ikahd tuyhW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk mit Nkyhdit> caHthdit vd;w xU jtwhd vz;zk; jkpoHfsplk; ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; ,g;gb mwpTf;F xj;Jtuhj fw;gidf; fijfis nrhy;y Ntz;ba fl;lhak; vOfpwJ.

kdpjdJ tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; 14>000 Mz;Lfs; ePz;l fhyk; my;y. Mdhy; kdpjd; jd;idg;gw;wp fy;ypYk;> fspkz;zpYk;> NjhypYk; Fwpg;Gf;fs; vOjpa fhyj;NjhL xg;gpl;Lg; ghHj;jhy; 14>000 Mz;Lfs; kpf ePz;l fhykhFk;.

khe;j ,dk; kdpjf; FUq;fpy; ,Ue;J gpupe;J jdpNa tsHr;rp milaj; njhlq;fpa fhyk; RkhH 30 ,yl;rk; Mz;Lfs; ,Uf;Fk; vd khdpltpayhsHfs; (Anthropologists) nrhy;fpwhHfs;. me;j kdpjf; Fuq;F ,dk; Hominids vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

mjd;gpd; cU kyHr;rpapy; (evolution) 18-10 ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH N`hNkh ,wf;l]; ( Homo- erectus ) vd;w khe;j ,dk; Njhd;wpaJ. ,tHfs; Mgpupf;fh> Mrpah fz;lq;fspy; 300>000 Mz;Lfs; Kd;tiu tho;e;jhHfs;. mtHfisj; njhlHe;J NfhNkh Nrg;gpad;]; (Home-sapiens) Njhd;wpdhHfs;. ,tHfsJ fhyk; fpK 200>000-300>000 Mz;LfshFk;. ,tHfs; NfhNkh ,wf;l]; vd;w mtHfsJ %jhijaNuhL xg;gpLk; NghJ mtHfsJ kz;ilNahL rpwpJ tl;l tbtkhf Mdhy; ngupjhf ,Ue;jd. gw;fSk; jhilAk; rpwpJ rpd;djhf ,Ue;jd. ,Ue;Jk; %isapd; ruhrup ,ay; jpwk; (capacity) ,tHfSf;F ,ilNa xNukhjpup (1350 cc ) ,Ue;jJ. ,d;iwa kdpjdpd; nray;jpwKk; ,e;j msTjhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,tHfisj; njhlHe;J epahe;jHjhy; (Neanderthal) vd;w khe;j ,dk; Njhd;wpaJ. epahe;jHjhy; vd;why; gs;sj;jhf;F vdg; nghUs;. ,J lhy;lhHG > vy;gH vd;Dk; ,U ,lq;fSf;fpilNa cs;sJ. ,g; gs;sj;jhf;Ff; Fifapy; 1857,y; Kjd; Kjyhf epahe;jHjhy; kdpj vr;rq;fs; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;ld.

gpd;dH fpK 40>000-30>000 Mz;Ltiu ,d;iwa etPd kdpjd; Njhd;wpdhd;. epahe;jHjhy; (Neanderthal ) kdpjd; rpy fhyk; kdpjNdhL rk fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jJk; cz;L. Mdhy; epahe;jHjhy; kdpjHfs; 27>000 Mz;lstpy; Kw;whf kiwe;J NghdhHfs;.

njhy;ypashHfsJ fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; khe;j ,dj;jpd; ehfupf tsHr;rpf; fhyj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW tupirg; gLj;jyhk;.
gioa fw;fhyk; - 20 ,yl;rk; Mz;Lfs;
,ilf; fw;fhyk; - fp.K. 10>500- 4>300
Gjpa fw;fhyk; - fp.K.4>300- 3300
ntz;fyf; fhyk; - fp.K. 3300 - 1200
,Ug;Gf; fhyk; - fp.K.1200- 586
ghurPfk; - fp.K.586- 333
fpNuf;fk; - fp.K. 333-63
cNuhkk; - fp.K. 63 - fp.gp. 324
,e;jpa cg fz;lj;jpd; ehfupf tsHr;rpiag; ghHg;Nghkhdhy; gpd; tUk; fhy fl;lq;fisf; fhzyhk;.

rpe;Jntsp ehfupfk; (fug;gd; kw;Wk; nkhnfd;[jhNuh) - fp.K. 3000- 1900
kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j MupaH FbNaw;wk; rpe;J gs;sj;jhf;F - fp.K.1300
MupaH FbNaw;wk; fq;if gs;sj;jhf;F - fp.K.1000
,Uf;F Ntjk; - fp.K. 1200- 900
,uhkhaz fhyk; - fp.K. 1500
ghuj fhyk; - fp.K.1300
Vida Ntjq;fs; cgepljq;fs; - fp.K.500
kfhtPuH fhyk; - fp.K.550
Gj;jH fhyk; - fp.K. 563-483
NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s juTfs; tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa (fp.K.3000-1200) kdpj ehfupf tsHr;rpapd; Kf;fpa iky; fw;fs; MFk;.

rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; irt rkaj;jtH my;yJ ehy;Ntj kjj;jtHfs; vd;W xU thjj;Jf;F itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; $l mjd; fhyk; 5>000 Mz;Lfs; kl;LNk. mjdhy; irtk; 14>000 Mz;Lfshf epiyj;J tUfpwJ vd;w $w;W Kw;wpYk; caHT etpHr;rpNa!

jkpoHfsJ rkak; vJ? vd;gij tuyhw;Wf; fz;NzhL Muha;e;J ghHg;gNj ,e;jf; fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. cz;ikapy; ,J xU EhYf;F cupa nghUs;. Kbe;j kl;Lk; RUf;fpj; jUfpNwd;.

,d;W jkpopy; fpilf;ff; $ba kpfg; goikahd Ehy; njhy;fhg;gpak;. ,J xU ,yf;fz Ehy;. ,jid ,aw;wpatH njhy;fhg;gpaH. ,tuJ fhyk; vJntd;W mwpjpapl;Lr; nrhy;y KbahJ ,Uf;fpwJ. vdpDk; ,tH ,ilr; rq;f fhyj;ijr; NrHe;jtH vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. vdNt ,tH fp.K.500-300 ,ilapy; tho;e;jpUf;fyhk; vd mwpQHfs; fUJfpwhHfs;.

vJ vg;gb ,Ug;gpDk; njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpo;kf;fspd; kpfg; goikahd xU r%f fl;Lkhdj;ij glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ vd;gjpy; Iak; vJTkpy;iy.

njhy;fhg;gpak; Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa nkhopfspNyh> NtW ve;j cyf nkhopfspNyh mJNghd;w xU ,yf;fz Ehy; Njhd;wtpy;iy vd;W Jzpe;J nrhy;yyhk;.

gpwnkhopAk;> gpwgz;ghLk; jkpo; nkhopNahLk; jkpo;g; gz;ghNlhLk; cwTnfhs;sj; njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpy;jhd; njhy;fhg;gpak; Njhd;wpapUf;fpwJ. jkpo; nkhopapd; jdpj;jd;ikfisAk;> jkpo;kf;fsJ gz;ghl;bd; jdpj;jd;ikfisAk; ghJfhj;J mtw;wpw;F NtypNghlTk;> gpwnkhopahsHfSk;> gpwgz;ghl;lhsHfSk; jkpo;nkhopiag; gw;wpAk;> jkpo;kf;fsJ gz;ghl;ilg; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpYk; njhy;fhg;gpak; cUthfpapUf;fpwJ.

vs;spypUe;J vz;nza; gpwg;gJ Nghy; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,yf;fzk; gpwf;Fk;.

,jd; mbg;gilapy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;Jf;F Kd;dH Vuhskhd ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz Ehy;fs; jkpopy; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

njhy;fhg;gpaNu jdJ Ehw;ghf;fspy; $wg;gLk; tpjpfSf;F jdf;F Kd;dUk; jdJ fhyj;jpYk; ,Ue;j GytHfsJ $w;Wf;fisr; rhd;whff; fhl;LfpwhH. ,g;gb Vwj;jho 260 ,lq;fspy; jhk; Kd;ida GytHfsJ newpfisNa vLj;Jiug;gjhff; $WfpwhH.

vd;g>
vd;kdhH GytH>
nkhopg>
ahg;ngd nkhopg ahg;gwp GytH>
Njhnyd nkhopg njhd;nkhopg; GytH>
,ay;G czHe;NjhNu>
vd;g Fwpawpe;NjhNu>
vd;W gutyhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fg; ghapuk; ghba guk;ghudhH gz;ila jkpofj;jpd; vy;iy tlf;Nf Ntq;flk; (,d;iwa jpUg;gjp) njw;Nf Fkup vd;gJk;> njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; MrpupaH njhy;fhg;gpadhH vd;gJk;> njhy;fhg;gpak; muq;Nfwpa ,lk; epye;jU jpUtpw;ghz;bad; mit vd;gJk;> me;j mitf;F jiyikjhq;fpa GytH mjq;Nfhl;lhrhd; vd;gJk; njhy;fhg;gpaH mtH fhyj;J toq;fpa Ie;jpunewpiag; gpd;gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij ,aw;wpdhH vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; %d;Wf;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFf;fpd;wJ. nghUsjpfhuk; cyfj; Njhw;wk;> capHfspd; tifg;ghL> ntt;NtW epyk;> me;j epyj;Jf;Fupa nja;tq;fs;> kf;fs;> kf;fspd; mftho;f;if> Gwtho;f;if newpfs;> MltHf;Fupa gz;Gfs;> ngz;fSf;Fupa gz;Gfs;> kuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> ,yf;fpa tiffs;> ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> ,yf;fpa kuGfs;> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tfs;> clypYk; cs;sj;jpYk; Njhd;Wk; nka;g;ghLfs; ,g;gb xl;L nkhj;j r%fj;ijg; gw;wpr; nrhy;fpwJ.

njhy;fhg;gpak; gw;wp ,g;gb rw;W tpupthfr; nrhy;tjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,e;j Ehypy; ve;jr; rkaKk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. vy;yhk; ty;y> vy;yhk; njupe;j> vq;Fk; epiwe;j KOKjw; flTs; my;yJ guk;nghUs; vd;w tiutpyf;fzj;Jf;F mika xU KOKjw; flTs; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. flTs; vd;w nrhy; kpf mUikahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,lj;jpy; mJ NjtHfisf; Fwpf;fNt ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vLj;Jf; fhl;lhfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lnkd;why; nghUsjpfhuk>; Gwj;jpizapay; (27)-
"nfhbepiy> fe;jop> ts;sp vd;w
tLePq;F rpwg;gpd; Kjyd %d;Wk;
flTs; tho;j;njhL fz;zpa tUNk."
nfhbepiy> fe;jsp> ts;sp ,e;jr; nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vd;d? ,sk;G+uzH nfhbepiy> fe;jsp> ts;sp ,tw;wpw;F Neubahfg; nghUs; nrhy;yhJ Gwg;ghly;fis cjhuzk; fhl;b> ",J nfhbepiy"> ",J fe;jsp" ,J 'ts;sp' vd;W nrhy;thH.

tL ePq;F rpwg;gpd; nfhbepiy fe;jop vd;w Kjyhd %d;Wk; - Fw;wk; jPHe;j rpwg;gpidAila nfhbepiy Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l Kw;gl;l %d;Wk;> flTs; tho;j;njhL fz;zpa tUNk - ghl;Lilj; jiykfidr; rhHj;jp tUq;fhyj;Jf; flTs; tho;j;jp tUk;.

nfhbepiy vd;why; fPo;j;jpirf; flTs;. fe;jsp - gw;Wf; Nfhlw;w nja;tk;. ts;sp vd;why;ts;sy;jd;ik. Mdhy; ,e;jr; nrhw;fSf;F NtWtpjkhfTk; ciu nrhy;tH. "fjpH> jP> kjp ,k;%d;iwAk; tho;j;JtJk; flTs; tho;j;Jg; NghyNt vz;zg;gLk;" vd;Wk; ciu nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jdhy; njhy;fhg;gpaH flTs; vd;w nrhy;iy NjtH vd;w nghUspy;jhd; ifahs;fpwhH vd;gJ cWjpahfpwJ. "vy;yhk; fle;j nka;g;nghUs; flTs;" vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp mtH fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy. njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk; flTs; tho;j;njd;gjw;F "mkuH tho;j;J" vd;gJjhd; nghUs;.

"fhkg; gFjp flTSk; tiuahH
VNdhH ghq;fpDk; vd;kdhH GytH."
(njhy;.nghUs;-Gwj;jpizapay; -R+j;jpuk; 23)
",d;gg; gFjpfisf; flTsplkpUe;Jk; ePf;fkhl;lhHfs;. kf;fsplkpUe;Jk; ePf;f khl;lhHfs; vd;W GytH $WtH" vd;gNj ,jd; nghUs;. mJ flTs; khl;Lf; flTl; ngz;bH eag;gdTk;> mtH khl;L khdplg; ngz;bH eagdg;gTk;> flTs; khdplg; ngz;biu eag;gdTk;> gpwTk; Mk;" vd;gJ er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH ciu.

njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; gy nja;t tzf;fq;fs; ,Ue;jd. jpUkhy;> KUfd;> ,e;jpud;> tUzd;> nfhw;wit> QhapW> jpq;fs;> jP Kjypaitfisj; jkpoHfs; nja;tq;fshf tzq;fp te;jdH. ,ikatHfs; vd;w NjtHfisAk; nja;tq;fshff; nfhz;bUe;jdH.

njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy; eLfy; tzf;fk; gutyhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. eLfy; tzf;fk;gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpaH tpupthd nra;jpfisj; je;jpUf;fpwhH.

Muha;r;rp njhlUk;.....

,jo; - 5