jkpoH rkak; vJ? - ghfk; : 2
- ef;fPud;>fdlh

irt rkaj;jtHfSf;F Vkhw;wk; jUk; nra;jp vd;dntd;why; njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy; rpt topghL ,Uf;ftpy;iy. rptidf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; 1610 njhy;fhg;gpa Ehw;ghf;fspy; xd;wpYk; ,y;iy. (ehy; Ntjq;fspy; Kjy; Ntjkhd ,Uf;F NtjKk; rptidf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ <q;F ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.)

NrNahd; vd;w nrhy; rptidf; Fwpg;gjhfr; rpyH nrhy;fpwhHfs;. NrNahd; vd;why; nrk;ik> rpte;j epwj;Njhd;> vdNt NrNahd; rptidf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;gH.

Ntjj;jpy; rptd; cUj;jpud; vdf; Fwpg;gplg; gLfpwhd;. Mdhy; mtdJ ngaiu cr;rupf;ff; $lhnjd;Wk;> mtid ahfrhiyf;F miof;ff; $lhnjd;Wk;> gyp nfhLf;Fk;NghJ CUf;F Gwj;Nj nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; cUj;jpud; mr;rk; jUk; nja;tkhf rpj;jupf;fg; gl;bUf;fpwhd;.
FwpQ;rp epyj;Jj; nja;tj;ij NrNahd; vd;W njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpg;gij Kd;dH ghHj;Njhk;. FwpQ;rp epyj;J nja;tk; KUfd;> nrt;Nts;> NrNahd; vd;gNj njhd;W njhl;L tUk; tof;fkhFk;. FwpQ;rp epykf;fs; FwtH> Fwj;jpaH vdj; njhy;fhg;gpak; etpYk;. KUfd; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lJ Fwg;ngz;zhd ts;sp vd;gJ Guhz tof;F. ,jdhNyNa KUfd; jkpo;f; flTs; vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH NghYk;.

vdNt ",yf;fpa tof;fpYk;> cyfpay; tof;fpYk; FwpQ;rpj; nja;tk; KUfdhfNt vz;zg;gLfpwhd;. rptngUkhd; FwpQ;rpj; nja;tk; vd;gjw;F ,yf;fpa tof;Fk; ,y;iy. cyf tof;Fk; ,y;iy. ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; njhy;fhg;gpaH epr;rak; Rl;bapUg;ghH.
capHfs; flTshy; gilf;fg; gl;ljhf njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ve;jf; Fwpg;Gk; ,y;iy. khwhf "epyKk;> ePUk;> fhw;Wk;> tpz;Zk; fye;jnjhU kaf;fkhd epiyapy; cyfk; cz;lhapw;W. ,itahTk; XH vy;iyf;F cl;gl;L ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;j epiyapy; capHfs; Njhd;wpw;W" vdj; njhy;fhg;gpaH ,d;iwa mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;ig md;Nw $WapUf;fpwhH.

"epyk; jP ePH tsp tpRk;NghL Ie;Jk;
fye;j kaf;fk; cyfk; Mjypd;........
(njhy;. kugpay; 1589)

,Nj Nghy; ,d;iwa cUkyHr;rpia xl;bajhf capHfis XuwpT njhlf;fk; MwwpT tiu vLj;Jf;fhl;NlhL tpsf;fpf; $WfpwhH.
fp.K. Ie;jhk; Ehw;whz;by; jkpofj;jpy; rptd; vd;w nja;tNkh rpt kjNkh ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;;gJ rhkp rpjk;gudhH Nghd;w jkpo; mwpQHfsJ JzpghFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpa filr;rq;f ,yf;fpf;fpaq;fspy; rptidg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. "Kf;fl; nry;tH efH" vdg; GwehDhw;wpd; 6k; ghly; Fwpf;fpwJ. Ehw;wpj; njhz;Zhw;nwl;lhtJ ghly; jpUkhiy "My; mkH flTs;" vdf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyk; NghyNt rq;f fhyj;jpy; jkpo; kf;fspilNa Nt&d;wp ,Ue;j topghL eLfy; tzf;fkhFk;. Gwg;ghly; 265 CUf;Fg; Gwj;Nj ,Ue;j jplypy; Ntq;if kyHfis nts;spa gde;Njhl;NlhL tputpj; njhLj;J khiyia mzptpj;J NfhtyH xU tPuDf;F fy; el;lijf; $WfpwJ.

,f; fw;fspy; tPudpd; ngaUk; ngUkpjKk; vOjg;gl;L mzpkapw; gPypAk; kyH khiyfSk; #l;lg;gl;ld vd mfg;ghly; xd;W (67) Fwpf;fpwJ.

eLfy; topghl;by; capHg; gyp nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. giwfs; Kof;fg;gl;ld. Njhg;gpf;fs; gilf;fg;gl;lJ (mfk; 35).
,y;yq;fspy; mlg;gLk; fs;spidAila rpw;WhH kf;fs; Gwj;Nj ,Ue;j eLfw;fis ed;dPuhl;bdH. tpbaw; fhyj;J gypiag; gilj;J> nea; tpsf;Nfw;wpdH. Jhgk; fhl;bdH. Nkfk; Nghd;w Gif vOe;J njUtpy; kzk; gug;gpaJ (Gwk;229).

kwf;Fb gpwe;j kf;fs; tpOg;Gz;gl;L tPo;e;j tPudJ ngaUk; gPLk; vOjp el;l fy;iyf; flTshff; fUjp topgLjyd;wp ney; nrhupe;J topgLk; nja;tq;fs; NtW ,y;iy (Gwk; 335).

eLfy; tzf;fNk ehsiltpy; rpW nja;t tzf;fkhfTk;> ngUe;nja;t tzf;fkhfTk; tsHr;rp mile;jJ. nja;tk; te;J ntwpahba Ntyd; ehsiltpy; ifNty; jhq;fpa KUfdhf topglg;gl;lhd;. Ntiyj; jhq;fpatd; Ntyd; vdg;gl;lhd;.

'ntwpmwp rpwg;gpd; ntt;tha; Ntyd;
ntwpahl;L mae;j fhe;jSk;.' (njh.ngh.Gwj;jpiz 5 )

nfhy;Yk; jd;ikAs;s Ntiyj; jhq;fpapUg;gtd; Ntyd;. mtd; nja;tj;jpd; Nfhgj;ij mwpe;J mijj; jpUg;jp nra;Ak; rpwg;Gs;std;. mtd; fhe;js; kyH khiyia mzpe;J cUf;nfhz;L MLthd;. ,e;j Ml;lk; fhe;js; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
njhy;fhg;gpaH Fwpg;gpLk; Itif epyj; nja;tq;fshd khNahd;> NrNahd;> Nte;jd;> tUzd;> nfhw;wit me;j epyq;fSf;Fupa tPuH tPuhq;fid Mf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.

,d;W ,we;jtHfSf;F mtHfs; capNuhL ,Ue;jNghJ tpUk;gp cz;l czit Vohk; ehs; md;W fha;r;rpg; gilg;gJk;> CHf; Nfhapy;fspy; G+rhupfs; cUte;J Mb mUs;thf;Fr; nrhy;tJk; rq;f fhy eLfy; tzf;fk; kw;Wk; ntwpahl;bd; vr;rq;fNs.

flw;fiuapy; tho;e;j gujtH KO epyh ehspy; Rwh kPdpd; nfhk;gpid kzypy; el;L mjidj; nja;tkhf topgl;ldH. mjw;F kyH khiyfis mzpe;J gdq;fs;isAk; new;fs;isAk; cz;L kfpo;e;jdH (gl;bdg;. 86-96).

ijj;jpq;fs; Kjy; ehspy; kf;fs; ePuhb Nehd;G ,Ue;jdH vd;w nra;jp njhif Ehypy; xd;whd ew;wpizapy; (22) fhzg;gLfpwJ. fhHj;jpif ehspy; caHe;j kiyapy; tpsf;Ffis Vw;wp itg;gJ tof;fk; vd ghiyghba ngUq;fLq;Nfh vd;w Nrukd;dd; $wpAs;shd;.

fliy mLj;j jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpy; KUfd; Nfhapy; ,Ue;jJ. mq;F Xa;tpy;yhky; jpUtpohf;fs; ele;jd vd mfehDhW (59> 149) njuptpf;fpwJ.

xt;NthH CupYk; mk;gyk; (nghjp) ,Ue;jJ. mjpy; ,ypq;ftbtpy; mike;j fe;J vd;Dk; topghl;Lf;Fupa kuj;Jhz; (287) ,Ue;jJ. mjid CH kf;fs; tpbfhiyapy; topgl;ldH.

njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;J 'NrNahd; Nka iktiu cyf' FwpQ;rp epyj; nja;tk; rq;f fhyj;jpy; KUff; flTshfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;whH. ,e;jg; goik fhuzkhfNt KUfd; jkpo;f; flTs; vd;W miof;fg; gLfpwhH. Fwj;jp Fyj;J ts;spia kze;j KUfd; Ntjf; flTshd ];fe;jrhkp- nja;tahid vd;w Mupaf; flTsNuhL ,izf;fg;gl;lNghJ mtUf;F ,uz;L kidtpaH tha;f;fg; ngw;wdH.

ehsiltpy; KUfd; rptdhuJ kfd; vdTk; jpUkhypd; kUfd; vdTk;> nfhw;witapd; kfd; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhd;.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; 'nty;NghHr; Nrva;' 'nty;NghHf; nfhw;witr; rpWt' vd KUfd; NghHf; flTshf rpj;jupf;fg; gLfpwhd;.

NrNahd; KUfdhf Njhw;wk; ngw;wNghJ 'khNahd; Nka fhLiw cyf" Ky;iy epyj; nja;tk; jpUkhy; Mf Njhw;wk; ngw;whH. gpd;dH jpUkhy; Mupaf; flTshd tpl;LZ (tp\;Z) NthL ,izf;fg;gl;lhH.

murid jpUkhYf;F xg;gpl;L tho;j;Jk; tof;fk; njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. khNahDf;Fupa Ky;iy epyj;jpd; ngUikiaAk; mopahj GfioAk; murNdhL ,izj;Jg; ghuhl;lg;gl;lJ. ,J G+it epiy vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
rq;f fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; Mupaupd; ehy;Ntj rdhjd jHkk; jkpo;ehl;bd; efug; Gwq;fspy; ed;F Nt&d;wp ,Ue;jJ. ehy; tHzg; ghFghL> Nts;tp topghL> ghuj> ,uhkaz Guhzf; fijfs; rq;fj; jkpoupilNa ed;F gutpapUe;jd. ghHg;gdHfSf;F jdpf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; ,Ue;jd. %Nte;jHfs; Mupa Nts;tpfis nra;tpj;jhHfs;. ghHg;ghHf;F kd;dHfspd; muz;kid thapy; vd;Wk; mfyj; jpwe;jpUf;Fk; vd;W rpWghzhw;Wg;gil ghly; (203-205) $WfpwJ. ,J filr; rq;fj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; ghHg;gdHfsJ nry;thf;F caHe;jpUe;jijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
ahUf;Fk; jiy rha;f;fhj gy;ahfrhiy KJFLkp ngUtOjp vd;w ghz;ba kd;did 'ehd;F Ntjj;jpidAila ghHg;gdHfs; tho;j;Jq;fhy; cd; Kb jho;j;jp tzq;Ff' vdf; fhupf;fpohH vd;w GytH Nfl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; Gwg;ghly; (6) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,e;j kd;dd; vz;zw;w Nts;tpfisr; nra;j fhuzj;jhy; 'gy;ahfrhiy' vd;w milnkhopiag; ngw;whd;.

,tidg; NghyNt Nrukhd; nry;tf; fLq;Nfhthopahjd;> gy;ahidr; nrq;Fl;Ltd;> ghz;bad; jiyahyq;fhyj;Jr; nrUntd;w neLQ;nropad; Nts;tpfs; nra;J ghHg;ghHf;F nghd;Dk; nghUSk; tiuahJ toq;fpdH.

fLq;Nfhthopahjd; Kw;wk; me;jzHf;F thHj;j ePupdhy; Nrwhfp tpl;ljhf gjpw;Wg;gj;J (7-4) $WfpwJ.

,Nj rkak; rq;f fhyj;jpy; nghUs; Kjy; ?(dialectical materialism ) fUj;J Kjy; $Wfs; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

'Nja;jy; cz;ikAk; ngUfy; cz;ikAk;
kha;jy; cz;ikAk; gpwj;jy; cz;ikAk;'
vd;w GwehDhw;W (27) tupfs; vd;w nghUs; Kjy; thjk;> Gw cyF cz;ikad;W vd;w fUj;J Kjy; thjj;ij kWf;fpwJ. cyfKk; mjd; ,af;fKk; cz;ik vdr; nrhy;fpwH.
capH clk;G ,uz;Lk; jdpj;jdp vd;w fUj;J Kjy; Nfhl;ghl;il Vw;Wf; nfhs;shjtHfSk; rq;f fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. 'clk;nghL ,d;DapH tpUk;Gk; fpoik' (clk;NghL tho ,d;DapH ngw;Ws;s cupik) vd;w GytH nghj;jpahupd; ghly; tupfs; (223) nghUs; Kjy;thj rhHGilaJ.

KuQ;rpA+H KbehfuhaH vd;w GytH ghba GwehDhw;Wg; ghly;; ( Gwk; 2) G+jtpay; fUj;ij Kd;itf;fpwJ.
'kz; jpzpe;j epyDk;
epyd; Ve;jpa tpRk;Gk;
tpRk;G ijtU tspAk;
tspj; jiy,a jPAk;
jPKuzpa ePUk;> vd;hwhq;F
Ik;ngUk; G+jj;J ,aw;ifNghy.'
kWgpwg;G ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ ,Uf;fhkYk; ,Uf;fyhk; vd;w ,uz;L fUj;Jk; rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. Nghg;ngUQ; Nrhodpd; ghba Gwg;ghly; kWgpwg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;il kWg;gtHfSk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs; vd;gij njspT gLj;JfpwJ.

Muha;r;rp njhlUk;.....

,jo; - 6