md;gpide;jpizfshfpa GzHjy;> gpupjy;> ,uq;fy;> ,Uj;jy;> Cly; ,iwtd; NkNyw;wpg; ghlg;gl;lJ. khzpf;fthrfupd; jpUntk;ghit> Mz;lhspd; jpUg;ghit ,jw;F ey;y rhd;whFk;.
,y;ywj;jpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,iwtd; jpUg;ghjk; milayhk; vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. 'mHr;rid ghl;NlahFk; Mjyhy; kz;Nky; vk;ik nrhw;wkpopy; ghLf' vd;w Kof;fk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. Nts;tpf;Fg; gjpy; ePUk; G+TNk topghl;Lf;F cfe;j nghUl;fshff; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

jkpo;nkhopf;F Vw;wk; nfhLf;FkhW 'ey;ypirahy; ehSk; jkpo;gug;Gk; Qhdrk;ge;jd;' vd;W rk;ge;jH jd;idj; jhNd $wpf; nfhz;lhH. jkpo; ,irAk; gujf; fiyAk; ,iwtd; Gfo;ghlg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,jdhy; fhjy; ntWg;igAk; NghH ntWg;igAk; fiy ntWg;igAk; %yhkhff; nfhz;l 'Gw' gTj;j rkaz kjq;fis irtKk; itztKk; Gwq;fz;ld. rkzk; gTj;jk; ,uz;Lk; jq;fs; nry;thf;if ,oe;jd.
mNj rkak; rkzk; gTj;jk; ,uz;bd; nry;thf;fpdhy; itjPf kjj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l capHg;gyp epWj;jg;gl;lJ> Nts;tp mUfp G+irf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gl;lJ.

gTj;jk; rkzk; ,uz;bd; tPo;r;rpf;F ngUk; gq;F tfpj;jtH jpUQhdrk;ge;jH. ,jdhy; mtH 'gurka Nfhsup' vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhH.

jpUQhdrk;ge;jH gTj;j Njuuhd Gj;je;jpNahL elj;jpa rka thjj;jpy; 'gTj;jd; jiy cUz;L tPo;f' vd ntFz;Liuf;f mt;thNw ,btpOe;J jiy mWgl;L tpOe;jJ vd ngupaGuhzk; $WfpwJ. ,J cz;ikahdhy; ,e;jr; nra;jp gf;jp ,af;f fhyj;jpy; irt rkak; gTj;jj;NjhL jj;Jt mbg;gilapy; jUf;f thjk; Gupa Kbahj epiyapy; ,Ue;jijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

khzpf;fthrfH fhyj;jpYk; (fp.gp. 9Mk; Ehw;whz;L) gTj;jj;Jf;F vjpuhd thjj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J nrd;w gTj;j Njuiu jj;Jt mbg;gilapy; nty;y Kbahj epiyapy; ehkfspd; Jizahy; gTj;jHfis Cikahf;fpdhH vd jpUtpisahly; Guhzk; Gfy;fpwJ.

,tw;wpd; gpd;dNu irt rkaj;Jf;F jj;Jt mbg;gilapy; rpj;jhe;jk; xd;iw Njhw;Wtpf;f Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ NghYk;.

fp.gp. 12 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; Njhd;wpa ngUq;fhg;gpakhd ngupaGuhzNk> 13Mk; Ehw;whz;by; irt rpj;jhe;jk; xU jj;Jt newpahf tsHtjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ. Nrf;fpohH Re;juH (8Mk; Ehw;whz;L) vOjpa jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifiaAk; ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp (10Mk; Ehw;whz;L) vOjpa jpUj;njhz;lH jpUte;jhjp ,uz;ilAk; gpd;gw;wpNa ngupaGuhzk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

gf;jpnewp fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaj;ij ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp gd;dpUjpUKiw tbtpy; tFj;Jk; njhFj;Jk; nfhLj;jhH. ,jpy; irt Njhj;jpuq;fSk; (,iwtd; Gfo; ghLjy;) rhj;jpuq;fSk; (jj;Jt tpsf;fTiu) NrHf;fg;gl;ld.

rka FutHfshd rk;ge;jH> mg;gH> Re;juH> khzpf;fthrfH ghba Njthu jpUthrfq;fs; Kjy; vl;Lj; jpUKiwahfj; njhFf;fg;gl;ld. xd;gjhk; jpUKiw xU njhif Ehy;. jpU%yH vOjpa jpUke;jpuk; 10 Mk; jpUKiw. Ntjk; Mfkk; ,uz;LNk ,iwtd; mUshy; ntspg;gl;lit vd Kjd; Kjypy; $wpatH jpU%yNu. rpj;jhe;jk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatUk; mtNu. gjpndhuhk; jpUKiwAk; xU njhif Ehy;. gjpndhU mbfshHfs; ghba 39 Ehy; ,jpy; mlq;Ffpd;wd. gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiw Nrf;fpshupd; ngupa Guhzk;.

rq;fuupd; mj;itjk; (gukhj;khTk; Mj;khTk; ,uz;ly;y)> ,uhkDrupd; (12Mk; Ehw;whz;L) tprpl;lhJitjk;> kj;Jtupd; Jitjk; (13Mk; Ehw;whz;L) xd;Wf;F xd;W Kuzhdit.

cyfKk; capHfSk; nghUs;fSk; mepj;jpak; my;yJ khia vd;fpd;w rq;fuupd; Ntjhe;ij tprpl;lhitjk; kWf;fpwJ.

kj;Jtupd; Jitjk; (,Uik) Md;khTk; ,iwtDk; NtW NtW vd;fpwJ.

nka;fz;lhupd; 'Rj;j mj;itjk;' capUf;Fk; flTSf;Fk; cs;s cwit tpsf;Fk; rq;fuupd; mj;itjj;jpw;F Gjpa nghUs; nfhLf;fpwJ.

jpUKiwf;F xg;ghf 13Mk; Ehw;whz;by; nka;fz;lhH vOjpa rpj;jhe;j Ehyhd rptQhd NghjKk; mjw;F mtuJ jiykhzhf;fH mUze;jp rpthr;rhupahH vOjpa rptQhdrpj;jpahH vd;w ciu EhYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. nka;fz;l rhj;jpuk; vd toq;Fk; rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuk; gjpdhd;F MFk;.

mUze;jp rpthr;rhupahH vOjpa rptQhdrpj;jpahH vd;w Ehypy; gugf;fk; vd;w gFjpapy; 14 kjq;fs; fz;bf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjpy; gTj;jk; Kjy; ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ. rq;fuH (fp.gp. 7k; Ehw;whz;L) vt;thW gTj;jj;ijg; Gwq;fhz gTj;j jj;Jtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpathW mUze;jpAk; gTj;j msitfis (jHf;fq;fis) gad;gLj;jp ,Uf;fpwhH.

irt rpj;jhe;jk; ehy;Ntjq;fisg; nghJthfTk; Mfkq;fis rpwg;ghfTk; nfhs;fpwJ. Ntjq;fs; Mfkq;fs; ,uz;Lk; rptngUkhdhy; mUsg;gngw;wJ vd;gJ irt rpe;jhj;jpd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;if. khzpf;fthrfH Mfkq;fNs ,iwtd; vd;fpwhH. Mfkq;fs; rupif> fpupif> Qhdk;> Nahfk; vd;Dk; ehd;F nghUl;fs; gw;wpr; nrhy;fpwJ.

irt rpj;jhe;jk; (1) gjp (flTs;)> (2) gR (capHfs;)> (3)ghrk; (Nghfg; nghUl;fs;)> (4) Mztk; (mwpahik)> (5) khia (mz;lg;gilg;gpw;fhd xU %yk; nghUs;. xd;iw Ntwhff; fhl;Lk; xU kaf;fk; vd;W Ntjhe;jk; $Wtij irt rpj;jhe;jk; xg;Gf; nfhs;tjpy;iy)> (6) fd;kk; (Kd;tpidg;gad;) Mfpa MWk; MjpAk; me;jKk; ,y;yh epj;jpag; nghUl;fs; vdr; nrhy;fpwJ. ,JNt irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;if.

,iwtidg; gjp vd;Wk;> mehjpahdtd; vd;Wk; mtDf;F xU rf;jp Nghd;wJ 'khia' vd;Wk; (,J NtW rq;fuH nrhy;Yk; khia NtW) cyfq;fs;> nghUl;fs;> capHfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F fhuzkhdJ khia vd;Wk;> mk; khiaAk; Mjpaw;wJ vd;Wk; capHfSk; epiyahdit vd;W NkYk; mJ $WfpwJ. capUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;Fk; cs;s njhlHG xd;wha;> Ntwha;> cldha; cs;sJ. capH ,iwtdy;y vd;gJ rpj;jhe;jf; nfhs;if. ,iwtNd capH vd;gJ Ntjhe;jf; nfhs;if.

gjpdhwhk; Ehw;whz;L njhlf;fk; tzpfj;Jf;fhf ehL gpbf;f te;j NghHj;Jf;NfaH> xy;yhe;jH. Mq;fpNyaH tUifia mLj;J fpwpj;jtk; jkpo;ehl;bYk; <oj;jpYk; gutpd. rkak; gug;g jkpo; gbj;j nwhNgHl; b. nehgpyp> rPfd; ghy;F> tPukhKdptH> lhf;lH fy;Lnty; Nghd;NwhH jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;Jf;F Gjpa tdg;Gk; tbtKk; nfhLj;jhHfs;.

,e;jpahtpy; nkhfhyaH Ml;rp fhuzkhf ,];yhk; jkpo;ehl;by; gutpaJ. gpwg;ghy; jkpouhf ,Ue;jhYk; rkaj;jhy; jq;fis ,];yhkpaH vd ,tHfs; jq;fis mwpKfk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;. ,];yhkpaupd; Njrpa milahsk; nkhop my;y kjk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,JfhWk; $wpatw;why; njhy;fhg;gpa jkpoHfspilNa nja;t tzf;fk; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; flTs; ek;gpf;ifNah rkaNkh ,Uf;ftpy;iy. rq;f fhyj;jpy; Ntj newpAk; flTs; ek;gpf;ifAk; fhy;nfhs;s Muk;gpj;jd. ,Ue;Jk; mikg;G Kiwahf epWtg;gl;l (established) rkak; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
rq;fk; kUtpa fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy; jkpoHfs; itjPf> rkz> gTj;j kjj;ij jOtp ,Ue;jhHfs;.
gf;jp ,af;f fhyj;jpy; Mupaupd; Ntjnewp rq;f fhy jiytd; jiytp cwitAk; eLfy; tzf;fj;ijAk; cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;L rkz gTj;j kjr; nry;thf;if rha;j;jd.

gpw;fhy gy;ytH Nru Nrho ghz;baH Ml;rpapy; irtKk; itztKk; tsHr;rpaile;jd. mNj rkak; rhjpg; ghFghLk; $Hik mile;jd.

,d;W ,e;J kjj;jpd; cl;gpupthd irt rkaNk ngUk;ghd;ik jkpoHfspd; rkakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,Ue;Jk; gf;jpnewp fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l topghl;L Kiw> rkj;Jtk;> jkpo;nkhopapy; mHr;rid ,d;W fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy; jkpo;kf;fSf;Fk; irt rkaj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU ,ilntsp ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,jdhy; kjkhw;wk; rpwpa mstpy; eilngWfpwJ. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; Jhthdk; ngUk; Jspfshf khwf; $Lk;. ,J jkpo;nkhop tsHr;rpf;F jkpopd gz;ghl;L vOr;r;pf;F jilahf ,Uf;fpwJ.

Jiz Ehy;fs;
(1) jkpoH kjk; - nkhopQhapW Qh. NjtNeag; ghthzH
(2) rpt topghL - jp. goepag;gdhH
(3) jkpoH rka tuyhW - lhf;lH M. NtYg;gps;is
(4) irtrkaj; Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk; - lhf;lH b.gp. rpj;jypq;fk;
(5) mfehDhW
(6) GwehDhW
(7) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
(8) ts;Stupd; nka;apay; - F.F. Mde;jd;
(9) jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fpa tuyhW - lhf;lH kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhH
(10) jkpof tuyhWk; gz;ghLk; - lhf;lH V. Rthkpehjd;
(11) jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW -jkpoz;zy;
(12) jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW - vk;.MH. milf;fyrhkp
(13) jkpoH ehupfKk; gz;ghLk; - lhf;lH m. jl;rzh%Hj;jp
(14) rpyg;gjpfhuj; jkpofk; - jkpowpQH rhkp rpjk;gudhH
(15) njhy;fhg;gpaj; jkpoH - jkpowpQH rhkp rpjk;gudhH

Kw;Wk;.....