jkpopd; kPl;gh; - ghthzh;

- nghwpQh;. ,. mfd;>
- jkpopa tho;newp Ma;th;> jkpoh; Kof;fk; ,johrphpah;> jpUr;rp

1. ,t;Tyfpd; tuyhw;iw fp.gp. 2004> fp.gp. 1> fp.K. 2000> fp.K. 10>000 fp.K. 30>000 ... vd; gpd;Ndhf;fpAk;> ,d;W kf;fs; njhif kpFe;Js;s mnkhpf;f> INuhg;gpa> Mj;jpNuypa ehLfSk;> jPTfSk;> Kd;G khe;jh; thoh ehLfshf ,Ue;jd vd;w cz;ikiaf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;Lk;> Ma;e;Njhkhapd; ,t;Tyfpd; kf;fs; njhif fhyj;jhy; gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;yr; nry;y Fiwe;Jf; nfhz;Nl nrd;W kpfTk; RUq;fp> xhplj;jpy; tho;e;j FOthf mikAk;! kf;fs; njhiff;F ,izahf> nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwe;Jf; nfhz;Nl nrd;W RUq;fp xU ,lj;jpy; FOthf tho;e;j khe;jdpd; nkhopnad mikAk;! ,jpypUe;J> <Uz;ikfs; Gyg;gLj;Jk;.

1-1 m - khe;j ,dk;> Xhplj;jpy; Njhd;wp> gy;NtW fhyq;fspy;> gy;NtW fhuzpfshy;> cynfq;Fk; gutpw;W.

1-2 M - XNu nkhopapypUe;J> mk;nkhopiag; Ngrpa khe;NuhL cynfq;Fk; gutp> fpisj;J> jphpe;J cUthditNa ,d;Ws;s nkhopfs; ahTk;.

2. cz;ik ntspg;ghL
"ePz;l neLq;fhykhfj;jpw;F Kd;Ng kwf;fg;gl;l nkhopfSf;fpilapyhd cwTfis Ma;e;J> rhd;WfSld; epWTjy; Xh; vspa nrayd;W" - vd mwpe;Jk;> mt;thpa nraiyj; njhlq;fpj; njha;tpd;wpj; njhlh;e;jhw;wpg;> gioa cwTfisg; gRikahf kPlikj;jhh; - jkpo; kPl;gh; ghthzh;! gd;nkhopawpTk;/ kughh;e;j Ma;twpAk; ngw;wpyq;fpa ghthzh;> nkhopapay; Ma;Tyfpy;> Nth;r;nrhy; Ma;tpidj; jkf;NfAhpa jdpg;ghq;fpy; tbtikj;Jj; > jkpo; nkhopapd; Kd;ik> njhd;ik> jd;ik ... Kjyhdtw;iw cyfwpa epWtpdhh;!
"cz;ikAk;> vz;nza;Ak;> vg;gbAk; NkNy te;J ntspg;gLk;" vd;w KJnkhopia mbf;fb $wp te;j nkhop E}w;Gyikauhk; mt;twpthpd; mauh Ma;Tj;jpwj;jhy;> cz;ik NkNy te;J ntspg;gl;Ltpl;lJ!

3. nghJ nkhop
mehfhpf epiyfspypUe;J gbg;gbahf ehfhpf epiyfis khe;jhpdk; mile;J> ehfhpfj;jpy; tsh;e;j epiyia va;jpUg;gijr; rpe;jpg;Nghkhapd;>fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzpakhd nkhop - midtUf;Fk; tpsq;Fk;gbahd xU nghJ nkhopahfNt ,Uj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njspTWk;! gytiff; FLk;gq;fshf nkhopfs; gphpe;Js;s ,d;iwa epiyapYq;$l> jkf;Fs; nghUs; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; gd;D}W nghJr; nrhw;fis mk;nkhopfs; ngw;Ws;sdNt!

3-1. xU %ynkhopapd; nrhw;fs; rpije;J> jl;g - ntgg;> ,lk;> fhyk; Kjyhd fhuzpfshy; jphpe;J> jphpG nkhopfshff; fpisj;Jj; Njhd;wpadNt ,d;Ws;s gy;NtW nkhopf; FLk;gq;fshk;!

3.2 cyfpd; ngUnkhopfspYk;> rpd;dQ;rpW fpis nkhopfspYk;> jkpo; nkhopapd; nrhw;fSk;> Nth;r; nrhw;fSk; Iaj;jpw;fplkpd;wpg; Ngusthf CLUtpg; gue;Jk;> Mo;e;Jk; cs;s cz;ik> Kjypy; Njhd;wp - cyfg; nghJ nkhopahf tpsq;fpaJ jkpo; nkhopNaahFk; vd;gij cuj;J Koq;FtNj!

4. nghJkz;
Duclus walse - vd;Dk; Ntjpapy; mwpQh;> mnkhpf;fhtpy; nra;j Ma;tpd; Kbtpy; "cyfgoq;Fb kf;fs; midthpd; FUjpapy; cs;s kuGepwkp (MiTO CHondria) - ia Ma;e;J ghh;j;jjpy;> cyf khe;j ,dk;> njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpw;whd; Njhd;wpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,k;kuG epwkp> fzf;fw;w jiyKiwfisf; fle;J> jha; topahf kfsphpd; FUjpapy; gbe;Js;sJ. vd;W Ma;e;Jiuj;Js;shh;!

4.1. mth; Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; mj;njd;fpof;fhrpa epyk;> Nfhz;Ltdk; vd;W epytha;tpayuhYk;> ,y%hpah vd;W caphpayha;tuhYk; $wg;gLk; Fkhpf;fz;lj;jpd; eLg;gjpahd goq;Fkhpj; jkpo;ehNlahFk;!. mJNt> khe;jd; Njhd;wpj; jioj;J> nghJ nkhopia cUthf;fpj; jpfo;e;j nghJkz; MFk;!. jkpo; kz;Zk; MFk;!

4.2 cyfpd; ve;j nkhopapYk; mikahr; rpwg;ghfj; jkpopy; kl;Lk; 12 capnuOj;Jf;fSk;> 216 caph; nka; vOj;Jf;fSk;; cs;sikAk;> capnuOj;Jf;fs;> caph;nka; vOj;Jf;fs; nrhy;ypd; Kjypy; mike;J tUk; rPh;ikAk;> ntg;gehlhfpa Fkhpj; jkpo;ehl;bNyNa jkpo; nkhopj; Njhd;wpj; jioj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vd;gjw;fhd tYthd fUJNfhw;fshFk;!

4.3. Fsph; ehl;L nkhopfspy; capnuOj;Jfs; %d;Wk; Ie;Jk; vd cs;sijAk;> mk;nkhopr; nrhw;fspd; KjnyOj;Jf;fshf nka; naOj;JfNs xw;iwahfTk;> ,ul;bj;Jk; ,ay;ghf tUtijAk;> caph;nka; - vd;w vOj;jpdNk ,d;ikiaAk;> xg;G Nehf;fp Mapd;> ntg;gehlhfpa Fkhpj; jkpo;ehNl jkpo; nkhop Njhd;wpa jha;kz; vd;gij mwpayhk;!.

4.4. Nklhd epyg;gFjpia Nkw;F vd;Wk;> fPohd - jho;thd epyg;gFjpiaf; fpof;F vd;Wk; toq;Fjy; jkpopd; kughFk;. Nky; - Nkw;F fPo; - fpof;F! xsp Njhd;Wfpd;w gFjpiaf; fpof;F xsp kiwAk; gFjpia Nkw;F - vd;Dk; tof;F NkiyaUilajhk;!

4.5 kiyAk;> kiyrhh;e;j epyKk;> Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tiuaiwapy; g+g;g+f;Fk; nrbj; njhFjp vd;gjhy;. FwpQ;rp vd;wiof;fg;gLk; nrbfs; nrwpe;Js;sJkhd FwpQ;rp epyKk;> NklhdjhfTk; mjw;fLj;j fhL rhh;e;j epyKk;> $h;ikahd (Ky; - $h;ik) mUk;;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhy; Ky;iy vdg;gLk; kyh;f;nfhbfs; nrwpe;J tsh;e;jpUe;jikahy; Ky;iy epyk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; (FwpQ;rpiatplj;) jho;thd epyKk;> mjw;fLj;J taYk; tay; rhh;e;j epyKk;> kUj kuq;fs; nropj;J tsh;e;jpUe;jikahy; kUj epyk; vdg;gLk; (Ky;iy epyj;ij tplj;); jho;thd epyKk; mjw;fLj;J> flYk; - fly; rhh;e;j epykhdJk;> ePh; tw;wpa fhyj;jpYk;. ePh; epiyfNshL Neakpf;fhs; Nghy; xl;b tsh;tjhy; (Nea; - nea; - Jzp nea;jy;) nea;jy; vdg; ngah; ngw;w nrbfs; epiwe;jJkhd nea;jy; epyk; (kUj epyj;ij tplj;) jho;thd epykhFk;.

,t;thW FwpQ;rp Kjy;> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> <whf> Nkl;bypUe;J - jho;thd epy mikg;igg; ngw;wpUe;j ehLk; Fkhpj; jkpo; ehNlahFk;!. ,j;jF epy mikg;Gw;w ehL Ntnwq;Fk; ,y;iy!

5. caphpfspd; gFg;G : El;gkhd mwpTj;jpwDw;Wj; jpfo;e;j ee;jkpo; Kd;Ndhh;> cyfpy; thOk; caphpfis> mt;tt;Taphpapd; cw;wwpAe; jpwid Ma;e;jwpe;J> Mnwdg; gFj;jdh;!

5.1. epiyj;jpiz : jkJ clyhy; (nka;ahy;) CW vd;Dk; czh;r;rpia kl;Lk; cw;wwpAk; epiyj; jpizahk; kuk;> nrb> nfhb> Gy;> Gjh; Kjyhdit! ,it> Xhplj;jpy; epiyahf tho;e;J nfhz;Nl> gpw Ie;J tif caphpfshk; ,aq;Fjpizia tho itf;Fk; <byhr; rPh;ikAw;witahk;!

5.2. ,aq;F jpiz : Xhplk;tpl;L kw;Nwhhplk; ,aq;fp tho;td ,aq;Fjpizahk;.

5.2.1. ePUaphp : ePUs; thOk; caphpfs; ahTk;> jkJ nka;> tha;- ,U Gyd;fshy;> CW> Rit vd;Dk; <Uzh;r;rpfis cw;wwpAk; jpwd; nfhz;litahk;. mit> <uwpTk; caphpfnsdg; gFf;fg;gl;ld.

5.2.2. epyt+hp : epyj;jpy; Ch;e;J thOk; caphpfs; ahTk;> jkJ nka;> tha;> fz; - Mfpa %d;W Gyd;fshy;> CW> Rit> xsp - vd;Dk; %Tzh;r;rpfis cw;wwpAk;> jpwDw;wdthk;. ,it %twpT caphpahk;!

5.2.3. gwit : gwitapdk;> jkJ nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F - Mfpa ehd;F Gyd;fshYk;> CW> Rit> xsp> ehw;wk; vd;Dk; ehd;Fzrh;rpfis cw;wwpAk; jpwDw;witahk;. ,it ehd;fwpT caphpahk;!

5.2.4. tpyq;F tpyq;fpdk;> jkJ nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp vd;Dk; Ik;Gyd;fishYk;> CW - Rit xsp - ehw;wk; - Xir - vd;Dk; Ie;Jzh;r;rpfisAk; cw;wpwAe; jpwDw;witahk;. ,it Ie;jwpT caphpahk;!.

5.2.5. khe;jd;: nka;> tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp - vd;Dk; Gwj;NjAs;s Ik;Gyd;fshYk;> mfj;NjAs;s kdk;- vd;Dk; MwhtJ GydhYk;> KiwNa CW> Rit> xsp> ehw;wk;> Xir> vz;zk; vd;Dk; MW czh;r;rpfis cw;wwpAk; jpwDw;wtdhk; khe;jd;! vdNt> khe;jd; MwwpT caphpahk;!

5.3 ,e;j MW tif caphpfSs; khe;jd; kl;LNk czh;r;rp> czh;T> epidT> vz;zk;> fUj;J vd;Dk; Gw - mf epfo;TfSf;Fl;gl;ltdhk;!. gwit> tpyq;F - Mfpad> czh;r;rp> czh;T> czh;Tg; gjpT kl;Lq; nfhz;ldthk;!. ,tw;wpd; czh;r;rp ntspg;ghLfs; "Fwpg;G xyp" fshfNt mlq;fptpLfpd;wd!

5.4. cah;jpiz - m/wpid : khe;jd; kl;LNk gpwtw;iw Vtpr; nraw;gl itf;Fe;jpwDw;wtd;. mjdhy;> gpw ,aq;Fjpiz caphpfspDk; cah;e;jtdhk;. vdNt> cah;jpizahk;!

gpwTaphpfis Vtpg; gzp nfhs;Sk; jpwdpy;yhj> jhNk nraw;gLk; ,ay;Gfila ePUaphp> epyt+hp> gwit> tpyq;F> epiyj;jpiz - Ie;Jk;> cah;jpiz my;yhjdthk;. my; + jpiz = m/wpizahk;!.

6. ,ay;ghd nkhopj; Njhw;wk; (Natural Language) : khe;jd; gpwiu Vtpg; gzp nfhs;s Kad;w NghJ> jdJ fUj;ijg; gpwUf;Fg; Gyg;gLJ;Jtjw;fhfg; gytif xypfis vOg;gpdhd;!.

6-1 czh;r;rp xypfs; :

1. kfpo;r;rp xypfs; - M> C> V> I> Ma;> X
2. NehT xypfs; - M> <> C
3. tpag;G - M> MM> Mfh> V> I. X.
4. ,opT xypfs; - C> g+
5. ,uf;f xypfs; - M> MM> Mth
6. njspT xypfs; - X> XX> XNth> XNfh
6-2. tha;r; nra;if xypfs; :
1. tha; jpwj;jy; - M> m
2. tt;Tjy; - mt;> ft;> ft;T
3. rphpj;jy; - <> ,sp
6-3. Fwpg;G xypfs; - rP> g+
6-4 xg;G xypfs; - fhfh> (fhfk;) ruru (ruT> muT)
6-5 tpsp xypfs; - V> Va;> X> Vyh> vy;yh
6-6 Foe;ij tsh;g;G xypfs; - kk;> kk;K (NrhW) ,q;fh (ghy;)
6-7 Rl;Lk; xypfs; - M> <> C
6-8 MW Gyd;fspd; Ja;g;gpd; J}z;lyhy; czh;r;rp xypfisAk;

czh;r;rpfs; njspj;J> Jyf;f Kw;W czh;Tfshf kyh;e;j NghJ - tha;r; nra;if xypfisAk;> Fwpg;G xypfisAk; -

czh;Tfspd; gjpthy; epidthw;wYw;W - xg;nghypfisAk;> tpspnahypfisAk;> epidthw;wy; Nfhitahfp> vz;zk; cUthd NghJ - FOtptsh;g; nghypfisAk;> vz;zq;fs; xOq;fikTw;Wj; njspthd fUj;J cUthd NghJ Rl;nlhypfisAk;-gbg;gbahf vOg;Gk; jpwDw;whd - khe;jd;!

6-9 vz;zKk;> fUj;Jk; tpise;jjd; gadhf> gwit> tpyq;Ffs; vOg;Gk; xypfisg; Nghyj; jhDk; Nghypj;J xypnaOg;gpdhd;. fhfh - vd;W fiuAk; gwitiaf; fz;L> fhfh vd xypbaOg;gpdhd;. gpd;> mt; nthypadhNyNa mg;gwitar; Rl;bdhd;. mt;thNw> Fh;Fh; vd xypnaOg;Gk; tpyq;if> Fh;Fh; - Fuq;F vd;whd;. ryry vd xypj;jgo XLk; mUtp ePhpidr; ry ry - ryk; vd;whd;.

6.10. gwit> tpyq;F Kjypatw;wpd; elkhl;lj;ijAk;> nraw;ghl;ilAk;> Fwpg;gpLk; epiyf;F Kd;Ndwpdhd; jhd; fz;l gwitNah - tpyq;Nfh> Kd;dhy; Xbajh vdg; gpwhplk; tpdtp M - ? vd;whd;. gpd;dhy; Xbajh vd tpdtp , ? vd;whd;. NkNy gwe;Njh> kiyf; fhl;bw;Fs;Nsh Xbajh vd tpdtp C> vd;whd;. ,g;gb> M> <> C vd;Dk; %d;W Rl;Lf;fis nkhope;jhd;.

6.11. gpd;> mutkpd;wpg; NgRtjw;fhf> m>,>c-vd Fwpyhf;fpf; nfhz;lhd;!

6.12 tpyq;F. giwifisg; gpbg;gjw;Fk;> jhf;Ftjw;Fk; jd; $l;lhspaiu -my; (mq;fpU)> ,y; (,q;fpU)> cy; (Kd;dhypU) vd Vtp> tpidr; Rl;lbfis Msj; njhlq;fpdhd;! ,t;thW QhyKjy; nkhop ,ay;ghfj; Njhw;wq; nfhz;lJ! ,jid Kioj;jy; nkhop (inarticulate speech) vd;gh;

7. Fioj;jy; nkhop (Articulate speech) : m>,> c - vd;Dk; Kr;Rl;Lfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l nrhw;fspd; %yk;> jdJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jplw;fhd nrhw;fisg; gYf;Ftjw;F khe;jd; njhpe;J nfhz;l fhyNk jpUj;jkhd nkhop tsuj; njhlq;fpa fhyNk jpUj;jkhd nkhop tsuj; njhlq;fpa fhykhk;. me;epiyia Fioj;jy; nkhop (Articulate Speech) vd;gh;!.
8. xU nrhy;ypd; vz; ngUq;fUj;Jf;fs;

8.1. m> ,. c - ,e;j %d;W Rl;Lfspd; gpd; yfu nka; ngw;W
my;> ,y;> cy; - vd;w %d;W Mzpnth;r; nrhw;fs; Njhd;wpd!

8.2 gpd;> c - Rl;bdbapy;> Fy;> Ry;> Jy;> Ey;> Gy;> Ky; vd;Dk; MW MzpNth;r; nrhw;fs; Njhd;wpd!

8.3 nkhopapd; ,ay;G tsh;epiyapd; Vohk; epiyahf Rl;nlhyp> Rl;lbr; nrhw;fshf khwpa NghJ> mJNt nkhopapd; ,ay;Gf;F tpijahf mikj;J> caph; Kjy; MzpNth;r; nrhw;fshd my;. ,y;> cy;> caph; nka;Kjy; MzpNth;r; nrhw;fshd Fy;> Rl;> Jy;> Ey;> Gy;> Ky; - vd;w xd;gJ MzpNth;r; nrhw;fs; Njhd;wpd!

8.4 ,e;j xd;gJ MzpNth;r; nrhw;fSk;> ,ay;ghfTk;> jphpe;Jk;

"Njhd;Wjy;> Kd;ik> Kd; nry;Yjy;> neUq;Fjy;> nghUe;Jjy;> tisjy;> Jisj;jy;> JUTjy;" vd;Dk; vl;Lg; ngUq;fUj;Jf;fis cs;slq;fp epd;wd!

Xh; mbg;gilr; nrhy;ypy;> Nkw;fz;l vl;Lg; ngUq;fUj;JfSk; xUq;fpize;Js;sd vd;Wk; mf;fUj;Jf;fs Vuz (Logic) Kiwg;gb Kiwahf mike;Js;s vd;Wk; ghthzh; Ma;e;Jiuj;jhh!; Rl;lbia Ma;e;Jiuj;jijg; Nghd;w kpf mhpa fz;Lgpbg;ghFk; ,J!

fhl;L : c - Rl;Lr; nrhy;> cy; - Rl;lbr; nrhy;>

1. Njhd;Wjy; fUj;J : cy; -Jy; - Ey; - ch;- cU - RU> JU> GU> KU (jsph;> FUj;J)
2. Kd;ikf; fUj;J : cy;-Ky;-cs;-Fs;-fs; - Es;-Ks;-Kd;-Ed; (Edp> KF> Kfk;)
3. Kd; nry;Yjy; fUj;J : cy; - Ey; - Ky; - ,y; - ey; - ry; (Njhd;W> Kd; nry;)
4. neUq;Fjy; fUj;J : cy; - Fy; - Ry; - Ky; - Rs; - Ks; - Js; (Fj;J> neUf;F)
5. nghUe;Jjy; fUj;J : cy; - Xy;> $s; - Fs; - Rs; - nrs; - es; - ez; (nghUj;J)> Ky; - Ks; - Ks;F> Ky; - y; - kd; (jOT)
6. tisjy; fUj;J : cy; - cyh - cyhT> Fy;-Fyh> FyT> Fs; nfhs; - Nfhs;> Ry; - RyT> Jy; - jpH; - jpU - Gy; - GU> Ghp (Rw;W)
Ky; - KU> KUF - kU - kW > Kw;W - Kw;Wif (tis)
7. Jisj;jy; fUj;J: cy; - cs; - cS> cs; - cO (cOjy;) Fs; - Fo; - Fop - Fil - Fs; - Fop - nfhOJ - NfhJ (NfhJjy; Filjy;)
Jy; - Jis - Njhz;L - njhz;L (Jiwj;jy;)

8. JUTjy; fUj;J : cy; - cs; - cUT> Fs; - FU - Nfhh;
Rs; - RU - RUq;if - RUtk; (JUT)
Js; - JU> Gs; - GF. GO - Gh; - g+uhd;

9. xU nkhopapd; cz;ikahd xyp tbtKk;> thptbtKk; xUthpd; vz;zf; Nfhitahk; fUj;ijg; gpwUf;Fg; Gyg;gLj;Jtw;fjhd Clfq;fNsahFk;!. fUj;Jk; nrhy;Yk; ,ize;jNj nkhopahFk;!

9 - 1 vdNt> xU nkhopapd; nrhy; czh;j;Jk; fUj;J khwpdhNyh
nrhy;ypd; tbtNkh> xypg;Ngh jphpe;jhNyh-mk; nkhop NtnwhU nkhopahf khwp tpl;lJ. vd;gNj cz;ikahk;!

9.2. nrhy; xd;W - fUj;J khWghL : jkpo; - fk; (fUkhdpd; ,Uk;Gj; njhopy;) - njYq;F fk; (coTj; njhopy;)
nfhy; (tpag;igf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;) - nfhy; (GjpJ> GJik)

9-3. nrhy; NtW - fUj;J xd;W
gUg;G (jkpo;) - gg;G (njYq;F)
neUg;G (jkpo;) - epg;G (njYq;F)

10. nrhy;yha;T KiwAk; - tifAk; - gaDk; :

10.1 xU nrhy;iyAk; mjd; nghUisAk; ,izj;Nj Ma;jy; Ntz;Lk;!. nrhy; - njhlh; mikg;igj; jdpahfTk;> nghUs; epiyfisj; jdpahfTk;> Nkdhl;lhiug; Nghd;W Ma;tJ jtW!

10.2 fUj;J tsh; epiyfis mbj; jskhff; nfhz;L> nrhy; tsh;epiyfis Ma;tNj rhpAk;> KiwAkhk;!

10.3. xU kuj;jpd; vy;yhf; fpisfSf;Fk; %ykhd Xh; mbkuk; ,Ug;gijg; Nghd;W> vy;yh nkhopfSf;Fk; %ykhd xU jha; nkhop ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;!.

10-4 jkpopy; cs;s nrhw;fs; vy;yhk; nghUs; ngw;wdNt! nghUspy;yhr; nrhy; jkpopy; ,y;iy!

10-5 nkhop ,y;yhky; fUj;J Njhd;Wk;> Mdhy; fUj;J ,y;yhky; nkhop Njhd;w tha;g;gpy;iy!.

10-6 cah; jpiz - m/wpiz vd;Dk; ,U jpiz Mz; - ngz; - gyh; - xd;W- vd;Dk; Ik;ghy; jd;ik - Kd;dpiy - glh;f;if - vd;Dk; %tplk; - Mfpatw;wpw;Fhpa nrhw;fspd; vy;yh tpid tbtq;fSf;Fk;> mr;nrhy;ypd; KjdpiyNa nkhopapd; njhlf;f epiyapy; nghJthf ,Ue;jJ!.

10-7 kf;fisg; Nghd;Nw nrhw;fSk;> FLk;gk; FLk;gkhfTk;> Fyk; FykhfTk;> ,dk; ,dkhfTk;> nfhb top Kiwapy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd!

10-8 cyf nkhopfSs; fye;Js;s jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; gy;yhapuk; Mz;LfshfpAk;> jkf;Nf chpa nghUisr; rpwpJk; ,of;fhky;. nrhy;ystpy; kl;LNk jphpe;Js;sd!

10-9. nghUs; khWk; NghJk; nrhy;Yk; khWk;. mjw;fhd chpa <Wfs; NrUk;. (v.L.) kz; - kzy;> fk;G - fk;gp

10.10 Nth;r; nrhy;Yk;> mbr; nrhy;Yk; jphpG ngw;wjdhNyNa nkhop tsh;fpd;wJ!
Es; - vd;w nrhy;Yf;F fps;S - vd;gNj nghUs;! Mdhy; Es; vd;w nrhy;> es; - vdj; jphpe;jhy;> neUq;F vdg; nghUs; jUk;!

10.11 nrhw;fspd; Nghyp - vd;Dk; jphpGk; GJr; nrhw;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. (v.L) ,lk; - ,ld;> ehsp - ehop> ehb
eUf;F - nrUf;F> gF - tF> kPW - tPW

10.12 xU nghwp ,aq;fhtpod;> mg;nghwpia MAk; xU nghwpQd;> mg; nghwpapapy; ,y;yhj my;yJ ,aq;fhj cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwptJ Nghd;Nw xU nkhopawpQDk;> xU nkhopia MAq;fhy;> mk;nkhopapy; ,we;Jgl;l my;yJ ,aq;fhj nrhw;fis> mtw;NwhL njhlh;Gila gpw nrhw;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L mwpe;J nfhs;Sthd;.

10.13. xU nrhy;ypd; fUj;jpypUe;J NtnwhU fUj;Jj; Njhd;Wk; NghJ> mr; nrhy;ypypUe;J NtnwhU nrhy; gpwf;f VJthFk;!. fUj;J NtWgLk; NghJ nrhy;Yk; NtWgly; Ntz;Lk;. md;Nwy;> nghUs; kaf;fk; Vw;gLtNjhL> nkhopAk;> tsuhJ!.

10.14. njhlh;Gila fUj;Jf;fspNyNa nrhw;fSk; njhlh;Gw;W tsh;fpd;wd!
$Ljy; - nghUe;Jjy; - xj;jy; - fyj;jy; - NghhpLjy; vd;gd njhlh;Gila fUj;Jf;fs;!.

10.15. fhl;rpg; nghUspypUe;Nj fUj;Jg; nghUs;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd!
(v.L.) Fok;Gjy; - fyj;jy> kaq;Fjy; Fog;gk; - fyf;fk;!

10-16. xU nghUSf;F> ntt;NtW fhuzq; fUjp ,lg;gl;l ngah;fs;> xU nghUs; - gy nrhw;fs; Mfpd;wd. (v.L) kfT> gps;is> Foe;ij> Nra;.

10-17. nghUs; khWk; NghJ nrhy;Yk; cld; khwhtpl;lhy; (xU nrhy; - gy nghUs; Njhd;Wk;)
(v.L) chp - chpjy;> Njhy;> chpikahjy;> vhpjy;> neUg;G> ,q;F> nghUSf;Nfw;whw; Nghy; nrhy;Yk; cld; Nrh;e;J jphpahikf;Ff; fhuzp - NtWgl;l nghUs;fs;> NtWgl;l Nth;f;fUj;Jf;fspy; Kfpo;j;J> xnu tbtq; nfhz;l nrhy;ypd; topNa ntspg;gl Neh;e;jikNaahFk;!.

10.18 Kd;ndhl;L ,ay;G jkpOf;fk; cz;L

10.19. xU nrhy;Ny> mjDs; kiwe;Js;s tuyhw;Wr nra;jpfis czh;j;Jk;!
(v.f.) njd;id - (Fkhpf;fz;lj;jpd;) njd;gFjpapy; ,ay;ghf tsh;e;jpUe;j kuk;.

10.20. capnuOj;Jf;fspy;> ,> < - Mfpatw;wpd; Nkhidahf v> V-Ak;> c> C - tpd; Nkhidahf x> X-Tk; Njhd;wpAs;sd!

10.21. MF ngaiug; Nghd;Nw> MFtpidfSk; cz;L.

10.22 xypg;Gk;> nghUSk; xj;Js;s nrhw;fs; cyfpd; ve;j nkhopapypUe;jhYk;> mtw;iw Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;!

10-23 Nth;r; nrhw;fspd; KjnyOj;J - caph;> caph;nka; vd mike;Js;sd! mtw;iwf; fUj;Jfspd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

10-24 xU kuj;jpw;F MzpNth;> gf;fNth;> fpisNth;> ry;ypNth; vd ,Ug;gijg; Nghd;Nw - xU nrhy;Yf;F cz;L.

ney;> fk;G Nghd;w gaph;fSf;F MzpNth; ,y;yhky; ry;ypNth; kl;Lk; ,Ug;gijg; Nghd;W rpy nrhw;fSf;Fk; cs;sd!

10.25 jkpo; nkhopiag; gw;wpa gjpndhU cz;ikfs; :

1. jkpo; nkhopiag; njd;dhl;Lg; goq;Fb nkhop
2. jkpo; Fkhp ehl;L nkhop
3. jpuhtpl nkhopfnsdf;- $wg;gLgtdtw;wpd; jha; jkpNoahk;!
4. jkpNo cyfpd; Kjd; nkhop
5. jkpo; nrhy;tsk; kpFe;j jw;rhh;G nkhop
6. jkpo; Nth;g; nghUs; nfhz;l nkhop
7. jkpo; cah; jdpr; nrk;nkhop
8. jkpo; J}akuG nfhz;l nkhop
9. jkpo; xg;Gah;tpy;yhj jdpnkhop
10. jkpo;> rkw;fpUjj;jpw;Fk; Ke;ija gioa nkhop
11. jkpNo rkw;fpUjjj;jpw;F %y nkhop!

10-26 Nth; - Ma;tJ vd;gJ> jdpr; nrhy;iy Mzp Nth; tiu Ma;tjhFk;.

%yk; Ma;tJ vd;gJ> $l;Lr; nrhy;iy tbtkPl;likj;Jg; nghUs; ghq;if Kiwg;gLj;JtJ!

Nth; Ma;tij Origin vd;Wk; %yk; Ma;tij Derivation vd;Wk; Nkiy nkhopaha;th; Rl;Lth;!

xU nrhy;ypd; nghUisg; gpd;Ndhf;fp efh;j;jp mjd; %yf; fUj;jpy; epWj;jp> XuirtbTk; (XnuOj;J my;yJ <nuOj;Jfs; nfhz;l tbtk;) %yf;fUj;Jk; xUq;Nf mikAk; epiyiaf; fz;L> me;epiyapy; mr;nrhy;iy Ma;tNj Nth; - %yk; Ma;tjhk;. ,t;tha;Tf;F Vuz Kiwiag; ghthzh; filg;gpbj;jhh;! mjdhy;> nrhy;ypd; nghUl;ghq;Ffs; njspTw;wd.

11. nkhoptsh;epiyfs; : %yj;jha; nkhopapypUe;J> cyf nkhopfs; fpisj;J tsh;e;Js;s tsh;r;rpg; gb epiyfis ehd;fhk;.

11. 1 mir epiy - kh - tpyq;F> < - nfhL> mirepiyf;fhyj;jpy; rPd nkhop %yj;jha; nkhopapypUe;J gphpe;jJ.

11.2 Xl;L epiy ,y;+Ms; = ,y;yhs;> eh+, = ehfp> eha; nrhy;ypd; cWg;Gfs; xl;b epw;wy;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rpj;jpa> jkpopa nkhopfs; gphpe;jd

11.3 cl;gpizg;G epiy : ,y;yhs; - kidtp> ,y;yj;ij Ms;tgs; vd;w fUj;J kiwj;;J. ,f;fhyj;jpy;> ,e;ijNuhg;gpa nkhopfs; gphpe;jd.

11.4 gd;kb cl;gpizg;G epiy ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;fs; cl;gpize;J cUkhwpapUj;jy;.
ngUkhd; - ngU+kf+md;> nra;tpg;gp - nra;a+<+<
,f;fhyj;jpy;> mugp> vgpNua nkhopfshfpa nrkpj;jpa nkhopfs; gphpe;jd.

11.5. Kjy; ,U epiyfSk; - nkhopapd; tsh; epiyahFk;. gpd;dpU epiyfs; - nkhopapd; rpij epiyahFk;. jkpopy; kl;LNk ,e;ehd;F epiyfSk; fhzf; fpilf;fpd;wd ! kw;w nkhopfspy;> me;je;j epiyf; Fhpa nrhy; tiffs; kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd!

11.6 Rl;lbfs; : m> ,> c - vd;Dk; XnuOj;Jr; Rl;Lr; nrhw;fs; <w;wpy; y - fu nka; (y;) Vw;W> my;> ,y;> cy; - vdj; jphpAk; ,ay;gpdjhk;.

mt;thW jphpe;j epiyapYk;> mr;nrhw;fs; xU nghUisr; Rl;Lk; ,ay;ig ,og;gjpy;iy!
vdNt> mit Rl;lbfs; - vdg; ngah; ngWfpd;wd. ,it MzpNth;r; nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; rpwg;Gg; ngWk;!

11.7 Nth;r; nrhy; : nghUisr; Rl;Lk; Rl;bfshd my;> ,y;> cy; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;> njhopw;gLk; tpidf; fUj;ijr; Rl;Lk; tpidabfshf khwpLk; epiyapy;> mr; nrhw;fs; Nth;r; nrhy; vdg; ngah; ngWfpd;wd. xU nkhopapd; nrhw;fis cUthf;Fk; ,ay;G nfhz;l fhuzpak; gw;wpNa ,it Nth;r; nrhw;fs; vdg; ngw;wd!

12. nrhy; tsh; epiy: ,jo; Ftpag; gpwf;Fk; xypg;gpd; thp tbthd "c" vd;Dk;> vOj;J> Kd;ik fUj;ijAk;> Kd;nrhy;Yk; tpidiaAk; cs;slf;fpcs;sJ.

12.1 cyf khe;jd; nkhope;j Kjy; Rl;Lr; nrhy; - c vd;gNj! ,r; nrhy;Ny> cyf nkhopfspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd tpijahk;.

12.2. cyf nkhopfspd; Kjy; %yr; nrhy; - cy; vd;gjhk;! ,r;nrhy;Ny> Nth;r; nrhw;fs; midj;jpw;F KisahFk;.

12..3 ,k; Kisr; nrhy;yhd - cy;> f;.r;.j;> e;> g;> k; - vd;Dk; nka;naOj;JfnshL Gzh;e;J cUthd - Fy;> Ry;> Jy;> Ey;> Gy;> Ky; - vd;Dk; MW nrhw;fSk; Nth;fshk;!.

12.4 ,t;Nth;r; nrhw;fs;> ntt;ntW tpidr; nrhw;fshfg; gbg;gbahfj; jphpe;J> gd;D}W nrhw;fisj; Njhw;W tpf;fpd;wd! Fy;> Ry;> Jy;> Ey;> Gpy;> Ky; vd;Dk; caph; nka;Kjd;ikr; nrhw;f;s MWk;> my;>,y;> cy; - vd;Dk; caph; Kjd;ikr; nrhw;fs; %d;Wk; - Mf xd;gJ Nth; nrhw;fSk;> Njhd;Wjy;> Kd;ik> Kd; nry;Yjy;> neUq;Fjy;> nghUe;Jjy;> tisjy;. Jisj;jy;> JUTjy; - Mfpa vz;ngUq;fUj;Jf;fis Vw;W> xt;nthU nrhy;Yk; - 28 cl;Gijf; fUj;Jfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd!.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> "cy;" vd;Dk; nrhy; - ,izjy;> ,sik> csnshUq;fy;. vhpjy;. xz;ik> xsph;jy;. fUik> Fj;jy;> $Ljy;> rptj;jy;> RLjy;> nry;Yjy;> jpul;ly;> Jisj;jy;> njspjy;> Njhd;wy;> ePl;rp> nefpo;r;rp> gFj;jy;> gpsj;jy;> nghUe;jy;> Kd;ik> nkd;ik> tisjy;> tpUk;Gjy;> ntz;ik> ntk;ik> ntWik vd;Dk; 28 cl;Gijf; fUj;Jfisj; Njhd;wr; nra;fpd;wJ.

12.5. ,e;j 28 tifahd cl;Gijf; fUj;Jfs; xt;nthd;WK;> 9 Nth;r;; nrhw;fnshL ,ize;J 54 fUj;Jr; nrhw;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd vd;W Gyg;gLj;Jk; xU gl;baiyg; ghthzh; gilj;jspj;Js;shh;!. vdNt 28 x 54 = 1512 cl;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd!

12.6 ,e;j 1512 cl;fUj;Jr; nrhw;fspnyhd;whd njspjy; vd;Dk; fUj;Jr; nrhy;ypypUe;J kl;Lk; 71 nrhw;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd! ghthzh; ngUkfdhh; mjidg; gl;baypl;lhh;. mg;gl;bay;> Jyq;F> Jyq;Fjy;> Jyf;F> Jyf;fk;> Jy;ypak;> njd;G> Njd;> Njk;> jPk;. jPT> jPTjy;> jPtpa> jpj;jp> jpj;jpj;jy;. jpj;jpg;G> Njdpj;jy;> njd;> ,d;> ,d;G> ,d;gk;> ,dpj;jy;> ,dpik> njhpjy;> njhpj;jy;> njhpf;fy;> njhpay;> njhpit> njUs;jy;> njUs;> Njh;jy;> Njh;r;rp> Njh;T> njs;Sjy;> njspk;ik> njz;ik> njs;spah;> njs;tpsp> njy;Fjy;> njl;G> njl;gk;. njl;l> njl;lth;> njsp> njspjy;> njspT> njspr;ry;> njspQd;> njsph;jy;. njw;W> njw;nwdT> njw;wy;> NjWjy;> NjW> NjWfil> NjW> #L> Njwy;> Njw;W> NjWjiy> Njw;wk;> Njw;wd; Njw;wT> Njw;wuthsd;> Njw;wuthsp> Njw;wh> Njw;whd;> njLnjLntdy;> njlhhp> jlhhp!

12.7 vdNt> 1512 cl;fUj;;Jr; nrhw;fSk;> 1512 x 71 = 1>07>352 nrhw;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wdtd;Nwh?!

,f;fzf;fPl;bd; gb> jkpo; nkhop xl;L epiynaa;jpa fp.K. 8000 Mz;bdpNyNa Xhpyf;fj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd nrhw;fisf; nfhz;byq;fpw;W vd;w rPh;j;jp xsph;fpd;wjd;Nwh?

13. Kjy; fofk;> ,uz;lhk; fofk;> %d;;whk; fofnkdj; jkpio tsh;j;j ghz;bj; jkpo; Nte;jh; gyUk;> Gyikr; rhd;NwhUk;> ,yf;fpaq;fs; gyTk; gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj; njhif njhy;fhg;gpak; Nghd;Nw ,yf;fz rPh;ikia $Wk;. vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;l mUE}wfs;; vd;Wk;> gjpndz; fPH;f;fzf;F> fhg;gpaq;fs; ..... vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;l mUE}l;fSk; jkpioj; njhlh;e;J tsh;j;Jte;Js;sikahy;> ,d;iwa epiyapy; jkpo; nkhopahk; Mo;flYs; gy ,yf;fk; nrhw;fs; mike;jpUf;Fkd;Nwh?

14. vdNt> jkpopYs;s nrhy; tsj;ij Ma;e;J> ,d;iwa ,izaj;jsj; NjitfSf;Fk;> Ez;zwptpaw; fiyfSf;Fk;> Ma;TfSf;Fk; Vw;w nrhw;fis milahsq;fz;L gad;gLj;JtNj jkpoh; xt;nthUthpd; Kjw;fldhk;.

mij tpLj;J> Ntw;W nkhopr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JjYk;> mt;thW gad;gLj;Jtjhy; jkpopd; tsik rpwf;Fk; vd;Wk; Ngijik nfhz;L gpjw;wpjphpjYk;/ jkpOf;Fj; jkpoh; nra;Ak; ngUq;NfNlahFk;!

jkpopd; rPh;j;jpawpe;J> jkpiof; fhj;J> jkpio kPl;Lg; gad;nfhs;Nthk; jkpouha; caph;g;Gld;> tPWw;W tho;Nthk;.
___________
fUtp E}w;fs; :
1.ghthzhpd;Ma;T newp - ,uh. kjpthzd;>
2. jkpo; tuyhW - ghthzh;